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Mojibake ( 文字化け ; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the result of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.[one] The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, ofttimes from a different writing organisation.
This brandish may include the generic replacement character ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement tin can also involve multiple consecutive symbols, every bit viewed in i encoding, when the same binary code constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing abiding length encoding (as in Asian xvi-bit encodings vs European 8-flake encodings), or the utilise of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-sixteen).
Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different issue that is not to be confused with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code betoken displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the result of correct fault handling by the software.
Etymology [edit]
Mojibake means "character transformation" in Japanese. The discussion is equanimous of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "character" and 化け (broil, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".
Causes [edit]
To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence betwixt the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the instance of non-compliance between these, it can be achieved by manipulating the information itself, or simply relabeling it.
Mojibake is oftentimes seen with text data that have been tagged with a incorrect encoding; it may non even be tagged at all, but moved betwixt computers with dissimilar default encodings. A major source of trouble are communication protocols that rely on settings on each figurer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the data.
The differing default settings betwixt computers are in role due to differing deployments of Unicode amid operating system families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for different writing systems of man languages. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-viii in 2004,[2] Microsoft Windows mostly uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses 8-scrap code pages for text files in unlike languages.[ dubious ]
For some writing systems, an case being Japanese, several encodings accept historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively often. As a Japanese example, the word mojibake "文字化け" stored equally EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed equally "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The same text stored as UTF-viii is displayed as "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted as Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-8 text appears as "æ–‡å—化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-one encodings, normally labelled Western, or (for example) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as being in a GBK (Mainland Prc) locale.
| Original text | 文 | 字 | 化 | け | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding | CA | B8 | BB | FA | B2 | BD | A4 | B1 |
| Bytes interpreted every bit Shift-JIS encoding | ﾊ | ｸ | ｻ | 郾 | ｽ | ､ | ｱ | |
| Bytes interpreted as ISO-8859-1 encoding | Ê | ¸ | » | ú | ² | ½ | ¤ | ± |
| Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding | 矢 | 机 | 步 | け | ||||
Underspecification [edit]
If the encoding is not specified, it is upward to the software to make up one's mind it by other means. Depending on the blazon of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are decumbent to mis-prediction in not-and so-uncommon scenarios.
The encoding of text files is affected by locale setting, which depends on the user's linguistic communication, make of operating system and peradventure other conditions. Therefore, the causeless encoding is systematically wrong for files that come from a computer with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software inside the aforementioned organization. For Unicode, one solution is to use a byte guild mark, but for source code and other motorcar readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding every bit metadata in the file system. File systems that support extended file attributes tin store this as user.charset.[3] This as well requires support in software that wants to take advantage of it, just does not disturb other software.
While a few encodings are easy to detect, in particular UTF-8, at that place are many that are hard to distinguish (see charset detection). A web browser may not be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent forth with the documents, or using the HTML document's meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; see character encodings in HTML.
Mis-specification [edit]
Mojibake also occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This frequently happens between encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora e-mail client for Windows was known to send emails labelled as ISO-8859-i that were in reality Windows-1252.[4] The Mac OS version of Eudora did not exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains actress printable characters in the C1 range (the most often seen being curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were not displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this especially afflicted software running under other operating systems such as Unix.
Human being ignorance [edit]
Of the encodings all the same in use, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII equally the predominant common subset. This sets the phase for human ignorance:
- Compatibility can be a deceptive property, as the common subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of two encodings (see Problems in different writing systems).
- People recall they are using ASCII, and tend to label whatever superset of ASCII they really use as "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, but even in bookish literature, the word "ASCII" can be constitute used as an instance of something not compatible with Unicode, where plain "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-8.[one] Note that UTF-8 is backwards compatible with ASCII.
Overspecification [edit]
When in that location are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on dissimilar information, the least certain information may exist misleading to the recipient. For instance, consider a web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character prepare may be communicated to the customer in any number of 3 means:
- in the HTTP header. This information can be based on server configuration (for case, when serving a file off disk) or controlled by the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
- in the file, every bit an HTML meta tag (
http-equivorcharset) or theencodingaspect of an XML annunciation. This is the encoding that the author meant to save the particular file in. - in the file, every bit a byte social club mark. This is the encoding that the author'south editor actually saved information technology in. Unless an adventitious encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in one encoding and saving information technology in some other), this volition exist correct. It is, nonetheless, but bachelor in Unicode encodings such every bit UTF-eight or UTF-16.
Lack of hardware or software support [edit]
Much older hardware is typically designed to support only ane character fix and the graphic symbol set up typically cannot be altered. The character table contained within the brandish firmware volition exist localized to have characters for the country the device is to exist sold in, and typically the table differs from state to country. Every bit such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a arrangement from a unlike country. Likewise, many early operating systems do non support multiple encoding formats and thus will cease upwardly displaying mojibake if fabricated to display non-standard text—early on versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm Bone for instance, are localized on a per-country basis and volition but support encoding standards relevant to the country the localized version will exist sold in, and will display mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the Os is designed to support is opened.
Resolutions [edit]
Applications using UTF-viii as a default encoding may achieve a greater degree of interoperability because of its widespread use and astern compatibility with US-ASCII. UTF-8 besides has the ability to be direct recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-viii upward with other encodings.
The difficulty of resolving an instance of mojibake varies depending on the awarding within which it occurs and the causes of it. Two of the nigh common applications in which mojibake may occur are web browsers and discussion processors. Modern browsers and give-and-take processors often back up a wide array of character encodings. Browsers ofttimes allow a user to change their rendering engine'southward encoding setting on the fly, while discussion processors allow the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. Information technology may take some trial and error for users to find the correct encoding.
The trouble gets more complicated when it occurs in an application that unremarkably does non back up a broad range of graphic symbol encoding, such every bit in a non-Unicode estimator game. In this case, the user must change the operating system's encoding settings to match that of the game. Yet, changing the system-wide encoding settings can likewise cause Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or subsequently, a user too has the option to use Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-awarding locale settings. Even so, irresolute the operating system encoding settings is not possible on earlier operating systems such as Windows 98; to resolve this issue on earlier operating systems, a user would have to use third political party font rendering applications.
Bug in different writing systems [edit]
English [edit]
Mojibake in English language texts generally occurs in punctuation, such every bit em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), but rarely in character text, since most encodings agree with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" will announced as "£" if it was encoded past the sender as UTF-8 but interpreted by the recipient every bit CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this tin lead to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.
Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which caused mismatch also for English text. Commodore brand eight-bit computers used PETSCII encoding, peculiarly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the case of all letters. IBM mainframes utilize the EBCDIC encoding which does not lucifer ASCII at all.
Other Western European languages [edit]
The alphabets of the North Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German, French, Portuguese and Castilian are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The additional characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts only mildly unreadable with mojibake:
- å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
- à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
- æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
- á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
- ä, ö, ü, and ß in German
- á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faeroese
- á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
- à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
- à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
- á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
- à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
- á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish
- à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
- £ in British English
… and their upper-case letter counterparts, if applicable.
These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 character gear up (as well known as Latin i or Western) has been in utilise. However, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted by two competing standards, the backward uniform Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-fifteen. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, but otherwise whatsoever confusion of these iii character sets does non create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is always safe to translate ISO-8859-i as Windows-1252, and fairly prophylactic to interpret information technology every bit ISO-8859-15, in item with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). However, with the advent of UTF-8, mojibake has get more common in sure scenarios, due east.one thousand. commutation of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8'south incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. But UTF-8 has the ability to be direct recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should exist able to avoid mixing UTF-8 upward with other encodings, then this was almost common when many had software not supporting UTF-8. Nigh of these languages were supported by MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, and so problems when ownership an operating arrangement version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are non compatible nevertheless.
In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and High german, vowels are rarely repeated, and information technology is unremarkably obvious when one character gets corrupted, e.g. the 2d letter in "kärlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This way, even though the reader has to judge between å, ä and ö, almost all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other hand, does feature repeating vowels in words similar hääyö ("nuptials night") which can sometimes render text very hard to read (e.g. hääyö appears equally "hääyö"). Icelandic and Faroese have ten and 8 possibly confounding characters, respectively, which thus can make it more difficult to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") get almost entirely unintelligible when rendered as "þjóðlöð".
In German, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a common term for this miracle, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).
Some users transliterate their writing when using a estimator, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practice in German language when umlauts are not available. The latter practice seems to exist improve tolerated in the German linguistic communication sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may be used jokingly. Notwithstanding, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. As an case, the Norwegian football histrion Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.
An artifact of UTF-eight misinterpreted every bit ISO-8859-i, "Ring one thousand thousand nÃ¥" (" Ring one thousand thousand nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.[5]
| Swedish example: | Smörgås (open up sandwich) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Result |
| MS-DOS 437 | ISO 8859-ane | Sm"rg†s |
| ISO 8859-1 | Mac Roman | SmˆrgÂs |
| UTF-8 | ISO 8859-1 | Smörgåsouth |
| UTF-8 | Mac Roman | Smörgåsouth |
Key and Eastern European [edit]
Users of Key and Eastern European languages tin also be affected. Because most computers were not connected to any network during the mid- to late-1980s, there were different character encodings for every language with diacritical characters (run into ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), oftentimes also varying past operating system.
Hungarian [edit]
Hungarian is another affected language, which uses the 26 basic English language characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-i graphic symbol fix), plus the ii characters ő and ű, which are non in Latin-1. These two characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Earlier Unicode became mutual in e-post clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text often had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It is common to respond to an eastward-post rendered unreadable (see examples beneath) past character mangling (referred to as "betűszemét", meaning "alphabetic character garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling machine") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.
Examples [edit]
| Source encoding | Target encoding | Result | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian example | ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép | Characters in reddish are incorrect and do non match the meridian-left instance. | |
| CP 852 | CP 437 | ╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép | This was very common in DOS-era when the text was encoded past the Central European CP 852 encoding; however, the operating organization, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Please note that small-case letters are mainly right, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct because CP 852 was made compatible with German language. Present occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques. |
| CWI-2 | CP 437 | ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép | The CWI-ii encoding was designed so that the text remains fairly well-readable fifty-fifty if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early on 1990s, but nowadays it is completely deprecated. |
| Windows-1250 | Windows-1252 | ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép | The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European one. Just ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are incorrect, but the text is completely readable. This is the most common error nowadays; due to ignorance, it occurs often on webpages or even in printed media. |
| CP 852 | Windows-1250 | µRVÖZTëRŠ TšK™RFéRŕG P rvˇztűr‹ t k"rfŁr˘g‚p | Central European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is correct. |
| Windows-1250 | CP 852 | ┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄KÍRF┌RËGrand╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇgÚp | Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The employ of ű is correct. |
| Quoted-printable | 7-bit ASCII | =C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCOne thousand=D6RF=DAR=D3G=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCk=F6rf=FAr=F3g=E9p | Mainly acquired by wrongly configured post servers but may occur in SMS letters on some cell-phones too. |
| UTF-8 | Windows-1252 | ÃRVÃZTÅ°RÅ TÃœ1000ÖRFÚRÃ"GÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tükörfúrógép | Mainly caused by wrongly configured web services or webmail clients, which were not tested for international usage (equally the problem remains concealed for English texts). In this case the actual (frequently generated) content is in UTF-viii; nevertheless, information technology is non configured in the HTML headers, then the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding. |
Shine [edit]
Prior to the creation of ISO 8859-2 in 1987, users of various computing platforms used their own character encodings such as AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Club on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early DOS computers created their ain mutually-incompatible ways to encode Polish characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other computer sellers had placed them.
The state of affairs began to better when, after pressure level from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded as the "Internet standard" with limited back up of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Polish diacritical characters every bit krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "little shrubs").
Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]
Mojibake may be colloquially called krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.[6] The Soviet Union and early Russia developed KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Lawmaking for Information Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-only 7-bit KOI7, based on ASCII but with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. So came 8-scrap KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters simply with high-chip set octets corresponding to 7-scrap codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, even Russian, remains partially readable afterward stripping the 8th bit, which was considered equally a major advantage in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware electronic mail systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and then passed through the high chip stripping process, end upward rendered every bit "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Eventually KOI8 gained dissimilar flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belarusan (KOI8-RU) and fifty-fifty Tajik (KOI8-T).
Meanwhile, in the West, Code page 866 supported Ukrainian and Byelorussian every bit well as Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Page 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.
Most recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the world's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.
Before Unicode, information technology was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the aforementioned encoding arrangement. Failure to do this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the exact combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of capital letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the aforementioned ASCII region, simply KOI8 has uppercase letters in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In full general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early on years of the Russian sector of the World wide web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, one can still encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, too every bit Unicode. (An estimated one.7% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.[vii]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for whatsoever given spider web page in its source,[eight] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.
In Bulgarian, mojibake is often called majmunica ( маймуница ), meaning "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, it is called đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Unlike the quondam USSR, South Slavs never used something similar KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding at that place earlier Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially similar to (although incompatible with) CP866.
| Russian example: | Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Event |
| MS-DOS 855 | ISO 8859-1 | Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ |
| KOI8-R | ISO 8859-1 | ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ |
| UTF-8 | KOI8-R | п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀ |
Yugoslav languages [edit]
Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the dialects of the Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian language) and Slovenian add together to the basic Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their capital counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (simply č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, by and large in foreign names, too). All of these letters are defined in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while just some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual OS-default Windows-1252, and are there because of another languages.
Although Mojibake can occur with any of these characters, the letters that are non included in Windows-1252 are much more than decumbent to errors. Thus, even nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is often displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.
When confined to basic ASCII (most user names, for example), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word example). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, and then reconstructing the original from such a class is usually washed manually if required.
The Windows-1252 encoding is of import because the English versions of the Windows operating system are nearly widespread, non localized ones.[ citation needed ] The reasons for this include a relatively small and fragmented marketplace, increasing the price of loftier quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in turn caused by high toll of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.[ citation needed ]
The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other three creates many problems. There are many different localizations, using different standards and of unlike quality. There are no common translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the cease, people use adopted English language words ("kompjuter" for "computer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not understand what some option in a card is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English, too every bit those who are accepted to English terminology (who are most, because English language terminology is likewise mostly taught in schools because of these problems) regularly choose the original English versions of non-specialist software.
When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts.
Newer versions of English Windows allow the code folio to be inverse (older versions require special English versions with this back up), but this setting tin can be and often was incorrectly set. For instance, Windows 98 and Windows Me tin be ready to well-nigh non-correct-to-left single-byte code pages including 1250, but only at install time.
Caucasian languages [edit]
The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is particularly acute in the case of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a set of obsolete character encodings for the Armenian alphabet which accept been superseded past Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used because of a lack of support in the calculator industry. For case, Microsoft Windows does not support it.
Asian encodings [edit]
Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as one of the encodings for E Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than than i (typically two) characters are corrupted at one time, eastward.k. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed as "舐". Compared to the in a higher place mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is especially problematic for curt words starting with å, ä or ö such every bit "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two letters are combined, the mojibake also seems more random (over fifty variants compared to the normal three, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text cord which happens to include a pattern of particular word lengths, such as the judgement "Bush hid the facts", may be misinterpreted.
Vietnamese [edit]
In Vietnamese, the phenomenon is called chữ ma , loạn mã can occur when estimator endeavor to encode diacritic character divers in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-8. Chữ ma was common in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP computer or using inexpensive mobile phone.
| Example: | Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du) | |
|---|---|---|
| Original encoding | Target encoding | Result |
| Windows-1258 | UTF-8 | Trăchiliad năgrand trong cõi ngÆ°á»i ta |
| TCVN3 | UTF-viii | Tr¨m n¨chiliad trong câi ngêi ta |
| VNI (Windows) | UTF-eight | Traêk naêm trong coõi ngöôøi ta |
Japanese [edit]
In Japanese, the same miracle is, equally mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). It is a particular problem in Japan due to the numerous unlike encodings that be for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings like UTF-8 and UTF-16, there are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, as well every bit existence encountered by Japanese users, is also often encountered by non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.
Chinese [edit]
In Chinese, the same phenomenon is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , meaning 'chaotic code'), and can occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese character encoding but is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, it is frequently possible to fix the upshot by switching the character encoding without loss of data. The situation is complicated because of the beingness of several Chinese graphic symbol encoding systems in use, the almost common ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.
It is easy to identify the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:
| Original encoding | Viewed every bit | Upshot | Original text | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Big5 | GB | ?T瓣в变巨肚 | 三國志曹操傳 | Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original meaning. The red character is not a valid codepoint in GB2312. |
| Shift-JIS | GB | 暥帤壔偗僥僗僩 | 文字化けテスト | Kana is displayed as characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Most of them are extremely uncommon and non in practical use in modern Chinese. |
| EUC-KR | GB | 叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨 | 디제이맥스 테크니카 | Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in most cases make no sense. Easily identifiable because of spaces between every several characters. |
An boosted trouble is acquired when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or antiquated characters that are however used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'due south "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'southward "堃" and singer David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'s "喆" missing in Big5, ex-Communist china Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.[9]
Newspapers have dealt with this problem in various ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters; using a picture of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare grapheme in the hope that the reader would exist able to make the right inference.
Indic text [edit]
A similar effect tin can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of South asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and others, even if the character gear up employed is properly recognized by the application. This is considering, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which individual letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood by a estimator missing the advisable software, even if the glyphs for the individual letter forms are available.
I case of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to bear witness the character analogous to "wi" (the kickoff syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle slice meant to bear the Devanagari graphic symbol for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" graphic symbol followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, hands recognizable as mojibake generated by a computer not configured to display Indic text.[10] The logo equally redesigned as of May 2010[ref] has fixed these errors.
The idea of Plain Text requires the operating system to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is different from OS to Os for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters (syllables) across all operating systems. For instance, the 'reph', the short grade for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on summit of a plain letter. All the same, it is wrong to proceed height of some letters similar 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modern languages, such as कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, it is apt to put it on superlative of these letters. By dissimilarity, for like sounds in modern languages which effect from their specific rules, it is not put on top, such as the word करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stem form of the common word करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marāthi language.[11] But information technology happens in almost operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac Bone and iOS, the muurdhaja l (dark 50) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield wrong shapes.[ citation needed ]
Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were not officially supported by Windows XP until the release of Vista.[12] Withal, various sites accept made free-to-download fonts.
Burmese [edit]
Due to Western sanctions[13] and the tardily arrival of Burmese linguistic communication support in computers,[14] [15] much of the early on Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font only was in fact merely partially Unicode compliant.[15] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented as specified in Unicode, but others were non.[16] The Unicode Consortium refers to this equally advertisement hoc font encodings.[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei simply replaced the Unicode compliant system fonts with Zawgyi versions.[fourteen]
Due to these advertizement hoc encodings, communications betwixt users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render as garbled text. To get around this event, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.[18] Myanmar authorities has designated 1 October 2019 as "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode.[13] The full transition is estimated to take 2 years.[19]
African languages [edit]
In certain writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Autonomous Republic of the Congo, merely these are not generally supported. Various other writing systems native to Due west Africa present similar issues, such as the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Republic of liberia.
Standard arabic [edit]
Another afflicted language is Arabic (run across beneath). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings exercise not match.
Examples [edit]
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Upshot |
|---|---|---|
| Standard arabic example: |  (Universal Declaration of Homo Rights) | |
| Browser rendering: | الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان | |
| UTF-viii | Windows-1252 | الإعلان العالمى Ù„Øقوق الإنسان |
| KOI8-R | О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├ | |
| ISO 8859-v | яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй� | |
| CP 866 | я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж | |
| ISO 8859-6 | ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع� | |
| ISO 8859-two | اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ� | |
| Windows-1256 | Windows-1252 | ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä |
The examples in this article do non have UTF-8 as browser setting, because UTF-8 is easily recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-8 information technology should recognise it automatically, and non try to interpret something else equally UTF-8.
Meet also [edit]
- Code indicate
- Replacement graphic symbol
- Substitute grapheme
- Newline – The conventions for representing the line interruption differ betwixt Windows and Unix systems. Though near software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or display the difference (e.g. version control systems and information comparison tools) can go substantially more than hard to use if not adhering to one convention.
- Byte order mark – The well-nigh in-band way to shop the encoding together with the data – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, but will past design exist perceived as "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
- HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, mostly optional, just required for certain characters to escape estimation as markup.
While failure to use this transformation is a vulnerability (see cross-site scripting), applying it too many times results in garbling of these characters. For instance, the quotation mark
"becomes",","and so on. - Bush hid the facts
References [edit]
- ^ a b King, Ritchie (2012). "Will unicode before long be the universal code? [The Information]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): threescore. doi:ten.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
- ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "whorl -v linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved 5 October 2018.
- ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
- ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora email client". 2001-05-13. Retrieved 2014-11-01 .
- ^ "sms-scam". June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
- ^ p. 141, Command + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Globe Pequot, 2007, ISBN 1-59921-039-viii.
- ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
- ^ "Declaring grapheme encodings in HTML".
- ^ "Prc GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-ten-01. Conversion map between Code page 936 and Unicode. Demand manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia'due south Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ https://marathi.indiatyping.com/
- ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
- ^ a b "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches up in Myanmar'due south digital world". The Nihon Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
Oct. i is "U-Mean solar day", when Myanmar officially will adopt the new system.... Microsoft and Apple tree helped other countries standardize years agone, simply Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
- ^ a b Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Frontier Myanmar . Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.
With the release of Windows XP service pack 2, complex scripts were supported, which fabricated it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such every bit Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, BIT, and afterward Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering problem by adding extra code points that were reserved for Myanmar's ethnic languages. Not only does the re-mapping prevent futurity ethnic language support, it as well results in a typing system that tin be confusing and inefficient, even for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the ii most popular smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated only by capturing the largest market share, which means they support Zawgyi out of the box.
- ^ a b Sin, Thant (7 September 2019). "Unified under one font system as Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed different the private and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will better natural linguistic communication processing
- ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Code: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Oft Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
"UTF-8" technically does not utilize to advertizing hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
- ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook'south path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Engineering". Facebook Engineering. Facebook. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
It makes communication on digital platforms difficult, equally content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In society to better achieve their audiences, content producers in Myanmar ofttimes post in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a unmarried postal service, not to mention English or other languages.
- ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to have two years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
External links [edit]
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake
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